Early Life and Education
Born Narendranath Datta on January 12, 1863, in Calcutta (now Kolkata), to a prosperous family. From childhood, Naren was exceptionally intelligent, a natural leader, and possessed a restless spirit of inquiry. He excelled in academics, sports, and music, but his mind was constantly seeking answers to fundamental questions about God and existence.
He pursued higher education, graduating from Presidency College, Calcutta. During his college years, he deeply studied Western philosophy, logic, and science, often questioning traditional beliefs and seeking rational explanations for everything. His intense intellectual curiosity led him to agnosticism, and he searched for someone who could prove the existence of God.
Meeting Sri Ramakrishna
Narendranath's search for truth led him to Sri Ramakrishna at Dakshineswar in 1881. His first question to the Master was, "Sir, have you seen God?" To Naren's surprise, Sri Ramakrishna immediately replied, "Yes, I have seen God, just as I see you, only in a much more intense sense." This direct affirmation, coupled with Ramakrishna's profound spiritual experiences and pure love, gradually transformed Naren's skepticism into unwavering faith.
Under Sri Ramakrishna's guidance, Narendranath underwent intense spiritual disciplines, experiencing various states of Samadhi. He realized the unity of all existence and the divinity inherent in every soul. Sri Ramakrishna groomed him to be his spiritual heir, entrusting him with the task of organizing his disciples and spreading his message.
After the passing of Sri Ramakrishna in 1886, Narendranath and a group of brother-disciples renounced the world and took monastic vows, becoming Swami Vivekananda. He embarked on extensive travels across India as a wandering monk, experiencing the country's immense poverty, spiritual degradation, and the need for social upliftment. This gave him a profound understanding of India's spiritual heritage and its practical problems.
His travels culminated in his resolve to attend the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago, USA, in 1893, to represent India's spiritual traditions.
Triumph in the West and Return to India
Swami Vivekananda captivated the audience at the Chicago Parliament with his opening words, "Sisters and Brothers of America!" He presented the universal principles of Vedanta and the harmony of religions, receiving a standing ovation. He spent several years lecturing across America and Europe, spreading the message of universal acceptance, religious harmony, and practical Vedanta.
Upon his return to India in 1897, he was received as a national hero. He urged his countrymen to awaken to their spiritual heritage and to serve humanity, especially the poor and downtrodden. He famously declared, "The highest form of service to God is service to mankind."
Founding the Ramakrishna Mission
In 1897, he founded the Ramakrishna Mission, an organization dedicated to the twin ideals of self-realization and service to humanity. Its motto, "Atmano Mokshartham Jagad Hitaya Cha" (For one's own salvation, and for the good of the world), embodies his practical Vedanta.
Swami Vivekananda left his mortal coil on July 4, 1902, at the young age of 39, but his life and teachings continue to inspire millions globally. His profound insights into spirituality, philosophy, and social service have made him a guiding light for youth and spiritual seekers alike.